The charge-sign dependent effect in the solar modulation of cosmic rays
Abstract
The centennial anniversary of the discovery of cosmic rays was in 2012. Since this discovery considerable progress has been made on
several aspects related to galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere. It is known that they encounter a turbulent solar wind with an imbedded
heliospheric magnetic field when entering the Sun’s domain. This leads to significant global and temporal changes in their intensity inside
the heliosphere, a process known as the solar modulation of cosmic rays. The prediction of a charge-sign dependent effect in solar modulation
in the late 1970s and the confirmatory observational discoveries can also be considered as a milestone. A short review is given of
these predictions based on theoretical and numerical modelling work, the observational confirmation and related issues.