When coal is heated slowly (<10 °C/min), as in the Lurgi Fixed Bed Dry Bottom (FBDB) gasification process, products formed in the pyrolysis region of the gasifier include gas liquor, condensable tar, oil and non-condensable ...

An opportunity presented itself to compare changes in nitrogen functional forms brought by the acid treatment of South African bituminous coals and their respective chars. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used ...

The effects of heating manner and charring temperature on both the physical and chemical properties of coal were investigated by petrographic techniques. Six coal samples of different rank were subjected to chemical treatment ...

A study was undertaken to investigate the production of low smoke fuel from coal currently used in low-income households in South Africa. Pyrolysis of large coal lumps was studied as a possible production method, and an ...

Characterisation of simultaneous changes in nitrogen functionalities and condensed aromatic crystallites during pyrolysis of bituminous coals was conducted. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was utilised to determine ...

Extensive characterization of the pyrolysis products, derived from raw and acid washed samples of a vitrinite-rich South African bituminous coal is reported. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out with use of a modified ...

A better understanding of the behaviour of the inorganic matter present in coal will assist in more cost-effective operations and more consistency in product yield and composition during thermal processing. In this study, ...

The chemical and structural changes of three lignocellulosic biomass samples during pyrolysis were investigated using both conventional and advanced characterization techniques. The use of ATR-FTIR as a characterization ...