Afrikaanse Jakkals-en-Wolftrieksterverhale : strukturele en inhoudelike patroonmatighede Afrikaans Jackal and Wolf trickster stories : patterning in the structure and general content
Abstract
Afrikaans Jackal and Wolf trickster stories: Patterning in the structure and general content
This article explores characteristic or repetitive pattern formations in the structure and general
content of selected Afrikaans Jackal and Wolf trickster stories. By using a specific methodology,
a corpus of stories was first selected, followed by a comparative analysis of the different stories.
An analysis of repetitive patterns necessitates both syntagmatic and paradigmatic readings
of the stories, as demonstrated in both Bremond’s (1977) model, dealing with the action in
stories and Greimas’s (1966) actantial model focusing on different functions of characters.
By utilising these analytic models, the methods of storytelling and foregrounding, as well as
the meaning of these relationships and of the stories as a whole could be discerned. Pre-existing
structural readings of the folk tale, the trickster tale and Jackal and Wolf stories also added
value to the research.
Some examples from the corpus of stories are provided to illustrate and substantiate
findings. The corpus consisted of sound recordings by a project team led by Du Plessis (1987:8-
14), recordings made by the researcher in the Murraysburg district in June 2010, Jackal and
Wolf stories told by Dana Niehaus (2011), and stories from the volumes Die Kaskenades van
Jakkals en Wolf (Rousseau, 2011), Die Mooiste Afrikaanse Sprokies (Grobbelaar & Verster,
2007), and Jakkals en Wolf (Grobbelaar & Verster, 2011).
Both Bremond’s action logic and Greimas’s actantial model proved valuable in describing
the structure of the stories and the unique formations of patterns that emerged from the analysis.
For example, the actantial roles (Greimas) in Jackal and Wolf stories represented indications
of an underlying deep structure informing countless re-telling of the different stories. Regarding
the structure of events (Bremond), it was noticeable that in some of the stories, the episodes
followed one another successively, while in others the episodes were embedded in previous
episodes.
A comparative reading of the Jackal and Wolf trickster stories revealed significant
relationships between the structural elements of the different stories. For example, the stories
all take place in a universal past; there are usually three characters in these stories, but usually
it is only Wolf that is defeated. The characters are mostly male, and the few female characters
present in the stories remain in the background. The characters constantly find themselves in
a space that fluctuates between a domesticated and an undomesticated world. The stories are
mainly told by an external narrator-focaliser who narrates and observes and who is not limited
to a particular position. These stories are most often told by male storytellers. Many of the
storytellers are highly attuned to the audience and they often adapt the stories to suit their
target audience (South African children). Many of the storytellers engage the audience by
making use of ingenious techniques; for example, by directly involving the audience in dialogue
or offering moral lessons.
It clearly emerged that the identity of the hero in these stories depends on the perspective
from which the events are considered. The investigated corpus shows that the stories can be
described as trickster tales in more ways than one, and that they follow the general patterns
of trickster tales. It is also clear that the identified structures remain dynamic.
Collections
- Faculty of Humanities [2042]